Histopathology is the examination of tissues under a microscope to study the manifestations of diseases. It is one of the most reliable diagnostic methods for identifying tumors, infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities in organs.
Histopathologists are specialized doctors who analyze tissue samples to diagnose diseases. They play a key role in:
Diagnosis: Examining biopsies and surgical specimens to detect cancers, infections, and tissue abnormalities.
Treatment Planning: Providing critical diagnostic details that help clinicians choose appropriate treatment.
Research & Quality Control: Many histopathologists work in research to improve diagnostic accuracy and develop new techniques.
Histopathology is recommended when a doctor requires detailed tissue-level evaluation. Common reasons include:
• Suspicion of cancer or tumor
• Chronic inflammation or infection
• Autoimmune or degenerative diseases
• Organ biopsies (liver, kidney, skin, etc.)
Biopsy Examination: Microscopic evaluation of small tissue samples taken from a suspected area.
Surgical Pathology: Detailed analysis of tissues removed during surgery, such as tumors or cysts.
Cytopathology: Study of individual cells (e.g., FNAC, Pap smear) for early detection of cancers.
Frozen Section Diagnosis: Rapid tissue examination during surgery to guide immediate decisions.
Special Stains: Chemical stains (e.g., PAS, ZN stain) used to highlight specific structures or infections.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Advanced technique using antibodies to detect specific cancer markers.
Histochemical Analysis: Detecting enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, and other biochemical components in tissues.
Tissue Processing & Embedding: Preparing tissue blocks for detailed microscopic examination.
Microscopic Reporting: Detailed evaluation of tissue architecture, cell patterns, and abnormalities.